Multi-tenancy

One schema, row-level isolation. A model opts in with MultiTenantMixin; the framework scopes every ORM query on it to the request's tenant.

Turning it on

multi_tenant (a HostSettings field, needs a restart) installs TenantMiddleware and turns on strict isolation (DatabaseState.tenant_strict). Install the tenants module for organisations, memberships and the resolver that decides which tenant a request acts for.

The rules

Operation on a MultiTenantMixin model	Tenant set	No tenant, strict (multi_tenant on)	No tenant, not strict
SELECT	filtered to the tenant	MissingTenantError	unfiltered
ORM update() / delete()	filtered to the tenant; update().values(tenant_id=…) raises	MissingTenantError	unfiltered
session.add + flush	tenant_id filled in; a different explicit value raises	MissingTenantError unless tenant_id is set explicitly	tenant_id filled in with the install's fallback tenant unless set
ORM insert(Model) (bulk / .values())	tenant_id filled in; a different explicit value raises	MissingTenantError unless every row sets tenant_id	tenant_id filled in with the install's fallback tenant unless set
Flushing a change to, or a delete of, a loaded object	only if it belongs to the bound tenant	MissingTenantError	allowed
Changing tenant_id	raises	raises	raises (only an all_tenants() block may move a row)

MissingTenantError is a TenantIsolationError. Fail closed is the point: a request, job or command that forgot to establish a tenant errors instead of reading every tenant's data.

What the filter can see

Tenant criteria — and soft-delete criteria, on reads — are attached for every tenant-scoped / soft-deletable model, not only the entities a statement names, so all of these are scoped (#332):

• select(Model), relationship loads, ORM update()/delete()/insert();
• a table as a join target: select(Project).join(Doc);
• subqueries: select(Doc.id).where(...).exists(), a bare Core exists().where(Doc.x == ...), in_(select(Doc.x)), scalar subqueries;
• counts: select(func.count()).select_from(Doc), counts over a subquery;
• Core statements on Doc.__table__ at the top level — select, update, delete get WHERE tenant_id = … (and is_deleted IS false on reads), insert is stamped.

With no tenant under strict mode, a statement that names a tenant model or table — or reads one through a bare Core exists() — raises; an indirect ORM reference (a join, a subquery) matches nothing. The one-time cost is a scan of the WHERE/column clauses for exists() (about 10 µs per statement), skipped when no tenant-scoped or soft-deletable model is installed.

One session, one tenant

session.get() answers from the identity map without SQL, so a session reused across tenant_context blocks can hand back an object loaded for another tenant. The flush refuses to write or delete it, but reading it is not prevented: give each tenant its own session (or session.expunge_all() between tenants) in jobs and CLI loops. Per-request sessions are unaffected.

Acting outside a request

from simple_module_db import all_tenants, tenant_context

with tenant_context(tenant_id):  # a job or CLI command working for one tenant
    ...

with all_tenants():  # platform code that deliberately spans tenants
    ...

stmt = select(Order).execution_options(all_tenants=True)  # one statement

Every all_tenants call site is a place one tenant can see another's data — keep them in platform-admin code and review them as such. A tenant_context() nested inside all_tenants() wins for its block, so the usual platform job is safe to write:

with all_tenants():
    tenant_ids = [t.id for t in await service.list_all()]
for tenant_id in tenant_ids:
    with tenant_context(tenant_id):  # scoped, even if nested in all_tenants()
        ...

A task or asyncio task started inside all_tenants() inherits the bypass (ordinary contextvar semantics).

Work deferred past the request

db.on_commit(...) callbacks and FastAPI BackgroundTasks run inside the request's tenant scope — use them and nothing needs capturing. A module with its own queue (a middleware that drains jobs after the response, a thread pool, a callback registry) wraps the callable when it is enqueued:

from simple_module_db import bind_current_tenant

queue.append(bind_current_tenant(reindex))  # runs as today's tenant, later

It captures the tenant (and an all_tenants() bypass) and restores it around the call, sync or async (#364).

Single-tenant hosts

A host with multi_tenant off can install modules whose tables use the mixin with no configuration at all. With no tenant bound, an insert is stamped with DEFAULT_TENANT_ID ("default", exported by simple_module_db) — inside an all_tenants() block too — and reads stay unfiltered, so the install behaves as one tenant that owns every row (#380). A module adopting the mixin backfills its existing rows with the same constant in its migration:

from simple_module_db import DEFAULT_TENANT_ID

op.add_column("files_file", sa.Column("tenant_id", sa.String(50), nullable=True))
op.execute(sa.text("UPDATE files_file SET tenant_id = :t").bindparams(t=DEFAULT_TENANT_ID))
op.alter_column("files_file", "tenant_id", nullable=False)

Unbound reads are deliberately not narrowed to DEFAULT_TENANT_ID: on a single-tenant install every row is the install's, whatever tenant_id it carries — rows written under default_tenant, or while multi_tenant was briefly on, must not vanish. Strict mode never uses the constant; it raises.

To give the single tenant a name of your choosing instead, set default_tenant (a HostSettings field, e.g. main): every request, and every background task with no tenant on its message, then binds that tenant (#359), and inserts are stamped with it rather than the constant. The host also publishes it as the install's fallback (DatabaseState.default_tenant_id), so writes with nothing bound — a CLI command, an all_tenants() block — land in main too instead of in DEFAULT_TENANT_ID, where the install's own (scoped) requests would never see them. CLI commands and scripts should still prefer tenant_context(settings.default_tenant). It is ignored when multi_tenant is on — a multi-tenant install never falls back to a shared tenant.

The fallback only fills a missing tenant_id, and only when nothing is bound: a statement run with execution_options(all_tenants=True) inside a request keeps the request's tenant on the rows it inserts.

Reads under default_tenant are scoped to it, so an existing install that adopts the setting must re-stamp the rows it already wrote under DEFAULT_TENANT_ID (and any it wrote while multi_tenant was briefly on), in a migration or a one-off script, before switching it on:

op.execute(
    sa.text("UPDATE files_file SET tenant_id = :new WHERE tenant_id = :old").bindparams(
        new="main", old=DEFAULT_TENANT_ID
    )
)

Background jobs

background_tasks stamps the enqueuing request's tenant onto the Celery message and restores it around the task body, so a task queued from a request runs as that tenant. Request code cannot enqueue as another tenant (an explicit sm_tenant_id header must match the bound one); platform code with no tenant bound may name one. Beat tasks have no request: wrap cross-tenant work in all_tenants(), or loop over tenants with tenant_context().

The worker never builds the app, so background_tasks.sync_db attaches the same listeners to its own session class and reads multi_tenant from the host settings (scripts/run_worker.py): task bodies get the same fail-closed rules as request code. A process that talks to the DB some other way must do the same — attach_session_listeners(MySession) plus bind_engine_policy(engine, EngineTenancy(tenant_strict=...)).

Resolution

TenantMiddleware asks app.state.tenant_resolver (an async (Request) -> str | None) when a module registered one — tenants does — and its answer is final. The tenants resolver takes, in order: the subdomain (with its subdomain_base setting — the one source that also works for anonymous visitors, on public routes), the tenant header (members only), then the session's choice validated against a membership (#363). Without one it falls back to the principal's tenant_id claim, and for anonymous requests only, the configured tenant_header. An authenticated user can never pick a tenant by header. The users module's User is platform-global and has no tenant_id column (dropped in #381): a user belongs to tenants only through tenants_membership, and a membership change applies on their next request, no re-login needed. Most auth providers set no tenant_id claim, so multi_tenant with no resolver fails every tenant-scoped query closed; the boot reports that as SM025.

Tenant roles

A membership role — owner, admin or member — reaches the request principal as tenant:<role>, for the active tenant only, so a tenant admin is never the platform admin. The vocabulary lives in core, so a module maps these onto its own permissions without depending on tenants:

from simple_module_core.tenancy import TenantRole, tenant_role


def register_permissions(self, registry):
    registry.map_role(tenant_role(TenantRole.MEMBER), ["files.view", "files.upload"])
    registry.map_role(tenant_role(TenantRole.ADMIN), ["files.manage"])

tenant_role() rejects a name outside TenantRole, so a typo fails at boot rather than granting nothing. TENANT_ROLE_PREFIX and is_tenant_role() are there for code that inspects a principal's roles. A role maps only what it is given — map owner and admin too if they should hold a member's permissions.

Role→permission grants stay global and combine with these mappings: a user's platform roles and their active tenant:<role> resolve through the same registry, additively. The tenant: prefix is reserved — the users Role model refuses a name that starts with it, so no platform role (and no RolePermission row, and nothing sync_admin_all_permissions writes) can collide with a tenant role (#377).

Feature flags

is_flag_enabled, flag_enabled and require_flag read the request's tenant (request.state.tenant_id), so a per-tenant override beats the system value, which beats the definition default. Boot hydration loads every tenant's overrides with no tenant bound — deliberately cross-tenant (the table is not MultiTenantMixin), so keep it that way. No tenant role holds feature_flags.manage; the tenant-override admin screens are platform-only.

Screens that take a tenant id from the URL can vet it without importing tenants: the module publishes app.state.tenant_exists, and await simple_module_core.tenancy.tenant_exists(app, tenant_id) answers True/False, or None when no module can say (the id is then accepted). feature_flags uses it to 404 on an unknown tenant when setting or listing overrides; clearing stays unvalidated so a stale override can still be removed.

Testing

The simple_module_test plugin ships tenant_client (needs the users and tenants modules): a factory yielding a client signed in as a fresh user with role in a new tenant — or in tenant_id= — with that tenant active.

async def test_isolation(tenant_client):
    async with tenant_client() as a, tenant_client("member") as b:
        await a.client.post("/api/things", json={"name": "x"})
        assert (await b.client.get("/api/things")).json() == []


async def test_same_tenant(tenant_client):
    async with (
        tenant_client("owner") as (owner, tenant_id, _),
        tenant_client("member", tenant_id=tenant_id) as (member, _, member_id),
    ):
        ...

Unique keys

On a tenant-scoped table every business key is per tenant: put tenant_id in the unique index (Index(..., "tenant_id", "slug", unique=True)). make doctor reports violations as SM024.